Monitoring Biofilm Thickness Using A Non-Destructive, On-Line, Electrical Capacitance Technique

Abstact The present study was designed to evaluate indirect, non-invasive, on-line measurement of biofilm thickness using an electrical capacitance technique. Several assays were carried out and the results showed that, at a frequency of 1 kHz, electrical capacitance could be used to measure biofilm thickness indirectly (with a correlation coefficient of 0.9495). The reproducibility revealed by the assays was also highly satisfactory.However, in contrast to what was expected, there was an inverse relationship between electrical capacitance and biofilm thickness, i.e. electrical capacitance diminished with the increase in the biofilm thickness.The tests were also carried out at different frequencies (1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz)     

Simple Model of Dissolved Oxygen Consumption in a Bay within High Organic Loading: An Applied Remediation Tool

San Vicente Bay is a coastal shallow embayment in Central Chile with multiple uses, one of which is receiving wastewater from industrial fisheries, steel mill effluents, and domestic sewage. A simulation model was developed and applied to dissolved oxygen consumption by organic residues released into this embayment. Three compartments were established as function of: depth, circulation and outfall location. The model compartments had different volumes, and their oxygen saturation value was used as baseline. The parameters: (a) BOD₅ of the industrial and urban effluents, (b) oxygen demand by organic sediments, (c) respiration, (d) photosynthesis and (e) re-aeration were included in the model. Iteration results of the model showed severe alterations in Compartment 1, with a decrease of 65% in the oxygen below saturation. Compartment 2 showed a small decline (10%) and compartment 3 did not show apparent changes in oxygen values. Measures recommended for remediation were to decrease the BOD₅ loading by 30% in the affected sector. Iteration of the model for 200 h following recommendations derived from the preceding results produced an increase in saturation of 60% (5 ml O₂ L⁻¹), which suggested an improvement of the environmental conditions.     

兰州市大气污染特征与污染预报技术研究

结合兰州市大气污染特征,采用国际上较为先进的污染预报模式,分别建立了实时资料与数值产品相结合的实用统计预报模型.其系统预报结果准确程度较好,实用性强,时研究兰州市大气污染来源及政府决策都起着重要的作用.     

Decision making under uncertainty in case of soil remediation

Decisions on soil remediation are one of the most difficult management issues of municipal and state agencies. The assessment of contamination is uncertain, the costs of remediation are high, and the impacts on the environment are multiple. This paper presents a general, transparent, and consistent method for decision making among the remediation alternatives. Soil washing, phytoremediation, and no remediation are exemplarily considered. Multi-criteria utility functions including (a) the cost of remediation (b) the impact on human health and agricultural productivity, and (c) the economic gain after remediation are constructed using probability density functions representing contamination for all site coordinates. Herewith, the probability of different types of (i) correct decisions such as a hit or a true rejection and (ii) erroneous decisions such as a false alarm or miss are examined. The decision theoretic model is applied to a case study on heavy metal contaminated soil. This case study reveals the non-linear structure of multi-criteria-decision making. The case study shows that the geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal distributed soil contamination must be taken into account: When uncertainties are not considered and the utilities are assessed according to the estimated value for a spatial unit, only few (N=26) spatial units result where the utility score of the alternative soil washing are higher than the utility score to the no remediation alternative. However, when taking into account geostatistical uncertainties of the log-normal soil distribution this number is about ten times greater (N=237). Furthermore, the use of 'maximizing expected utility' as decision rule is critical in that it may lead to a high probability of misses.     

卫星遥感技术在管理长江流域水资源方面的应用研究

详细讨论了卫星遥感技术在长江流域水资源管理方面的应用问题，提出了两种实用的方法：①卫星遥感技术在灌溉水资源管理方面的应用；②长江流域地下水、地表水资源估算。进一步分析了两种方法的特点，介绍了卫星遥感技术的优点及用途，建议在长江流域水资源管理中加以利用。     

BiOBr分子印迹材料的制备及其降解诺氟沙星性能

为了有效处理低浓度抗生素残留废水,以水热法制备的BiOBr为载体,诺氟沙星（NOR）为模板,通过表面分子印迹法制备了BiOBr分子印迹材料（MIP）.同时,采用SEM与XRD对制备的材料进行相分析及显微结构分析,并利用XPS、FTIR、BET和UV-Vis DRS对所合成材料的微观结构进行观察.最后,以诺氟沙星（NOR）为目标污染物,对MIP在暗反应下的吸附性能及300 W Xe灯照射下的光催化性能进行测定,并探讨pH、投加量、初始浓度、是否印迹处理对NOR去除的影响.实验结果表明,在pH为中性,MIP投加量为2.5 g·L^-1的条件下,MIP对5 mg·L^-1 NOR溶液的去除率达到96.2%,且对低浓度（1 mg·L^-1）NOR溶液的去除率达到99%.综合表明,本文所制备的MIP适用于低浓度诺氟沙星废水的处理.     

Treatability studies of naphthalene in soil,water and air with persulfate activated by iron(Ⅱ)

Chemical oxidation was applied to an artificially contaminated soil with naphthalene (NAP). Evaluation of NAP distribution and mass reduction in soil, water and air phases was carried out through mass balance. Evaluation of NAP distribution and mass reduction in soil, water and air phases was carried out through mass balance. The importance of the air phase analysis was emphasized by demonstrating how NAP behaves in a sealed system over a 4 hr reaction period. Design of Experiments method was applied to the following variables: sodium persulfate concentration [SP], ferrous sulfate concentration [FeSO₄], and pH. The system operated with a prefixed solid to liquid ratio of 1:2. The following conditions resulted in optimum NAP removal [SP] = 18.37 g/L, [FeSO₄] = 4.25 g/L and pH = 3.00. At the end of the 4 hr reaction, 62% of NAP was degraded. In the soil phase, the chemical oxidation reduced the NAP concentration thus achieving levels which comply with Brazilian and USA environmental legislations. Besides the NAP partitioning view, the monitoring of each phase allowed the variabilities assessment over the process, refining the knowledge of mass reduction. Based on NAP distribution in the system, this study demonstrates the importance of evaluating the presence of semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in the air phase during remediation, so that there is greater control of the system as to the distribution and presence of the contaminant in the environment. The results highlight the importance of treating the contaminant in all its phases at the contaminated site.     

Preparation of solar-enhanced AlZnO@carbon nano-substrates for remediation of textile wastewaters

Photoactive aluminum doped ZnO(AlZnO) was synthesized by sol-gel method.After that,AlZnO photocatalyst was deposited on five carbon-based materials(CBMs) using ultrasonic route followed by solid-state mixing using ball mill.The CBMs used were poly aniline(PANI),carbon nitride(CN),carbon nanotubes(CNT),graphene(G),and carbon nanofibers(CNF).The crystal phases,elemental compositions,morphological,and optical properties of the AlZnO@CBMs composites were investigated.Experimental results revealed that two of AlZnO@CBMs composites exhibited superior bleaching efficiency(100% removal) and photocatalytic stability(three cycles) for 50 μmol/L Methylene Blue(MB) contaminated water after 60 min irradiation in visible light at pH 6.5,0.7% H_2O_2,and 5 g/L inorganic salts.Under optimum conditions,AlZnO@CBMs nanocomposites were employed for the treatment of mixed dyestuffs composed of MB,Methyl Orange(MO),Astrazone Blue FRR(BB 69),and Rhodamine B(RhB) dyes under dark,ultraviolet,visible,and direct sunlight.For mixed dyestuffs,the AlZnO@G achieved the highest dye sorption capacity(60.91 μmol dye stuffs/g) with kinetic rate 8.22 × 10~(-3) min~(-1) in 90 min via multi-layer physisorption(Freundlich isotherm) on graphene sheet.In additions,AlZnO@CN offered the highest photo-kinetic rate(K_(photo)) of～54.1 × 10~(-3) min~(-1)(93.8% after 60 min) under direct sunlight.Furthermore,the selective radical trapping experiment confirmed that the holes and oxidative superoxide radicals are crucial on dyes photodegradation pathway.Owing to their superior performance,AlZnO@G and AlZnO@CN nanocomposites can offer an effective in-situ solar-assisted adsorption/photocatalytic remediation of textile wastewater effluents.     

底泥原位洗脱过程中氮磷含量与形态变化特征

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市河流底泥中内源氮磷污染问题日益突出.为研究原位洗脱技术对污染底泥中氮、磷物质和成分的作用效果,以北京市凉水河作为研究对象,分别比较了现场试验洗脱与对照组0~30 cm分层底泥以及实验室模拟洗脱处理前后0~10 cm底泥中pH、E_h（氧化还原电位）、容重、含水率、OM（有机质）、TN、TP和氮、磷形态分布的变化特征.结果表明:①现场洗脱对0~5 cm厚度底泥的处理和模拟洗脱处理均对底泥中pH、E_h、含水率的改变以及其中TN、TP的去除效果表现显著,其中,现场试验洗脱组0~5 cm范围底泥中w（TN）、w（TP）分别较对照组降低了66.4%±17.4%、40.8%±24.4%,模拟洗脱处理对底泥中OM、TN、TP的去除率分别达70.1%±4.8%、66.8%±2.0%、43.1%±3.1%.②原位洗脱技术对底泥中TN的去除主要通过对PON（颗粒态有机氮）的去除来实现,现场和模拟试验过程中PON对TN去除的贡献率分别达55.0%和73.6%.③原位洗脱对底泥中TP的去除主要通过对Al-P（铝结合态磷）、OP（有机磷）的去除来实现,现场和模拟试验中Al-P、OP对TP去除的贡献率分别达37.0%、66.2%和31.3%、43.7%.研究显示,原位洗脱技术可有效去除城市河流底泥处理层中的氮磷物质,并以有机氮、磷物质的去除为主.      

基于野外原位抽注试验和同位素技术的含水层反硝化速率研究

反硝化作用是地下水硝酸盐污染去除最重要的过程.由于水文地质条件和水文地球化学环境的复杂性和不确定性,精准测定含水层反硝化速率是反硝化过程的研究难点.选取潮白河冲洪积扇中部中国环境科学研究院地下水创新野外基地作为研究区,基于野外原位试验和15N同位素示踪法提出一种含水层反硝化速率的测定方法.该方法综合体现了研究区实际水文地质条件和水文地球化学环境对反硝化作用的影响,并充分考虑了硝酸盐在含水层中稀释弥散作用对计算结果的影响.结果表明:①潮白河冲洪积扇中部某地地下26~28 m处于还原环境,含水介质以粉细砂为主,ρ（NO₃-N）平均值为2.77 mg/L.②地下26~28 m反硝化速率在349.52~562.99 μg/（kg·d）（以N计,下同）之间,平均值为450.31 μg/（kg·d）.通过与研究区含水介质、采样深度和硝酸盐背景值相似的国内外案例对比研究,初步评估结果处于合理区间.③测试结果具有一定不确定性,主要来自忽略中间产物NO₂-和NO的计算方法、扰动采样方法、N₂O的操作规范程度及采样频率等方面.研究方法为测定含水层硝酸盐速率研究提供了新的思路,研究结果可为地下水中硝酸盐转化过程机理研究、地下水硝酸盐污染修复及风险管控提供关键的理论支撑数据.